The recent
arrest of Minnesota Vikings Running Back Adrian Peterson has sparked a
divided reaction within the NFL around the use of physical punishment with
children.
Peterson’s lawyer, for example, said that Peterson “used the
same kind of discipline…that he experienced as a child.” Former basketball
player and current NBA analyst Charles Barkley also defended Peterson, while ESPN’s
Chris Carter (a former Viking himself) noted, “You can't beat a kid to make
them do what you want them to do." This range of reaction echoes the
national debate surrounding physical punishment. But, existing research tells
us that Carter is right.
Researchers define physical punishment as “the intentional
infliction of pain and discomfort and/or the use of force to stop or change a
behavior.” A 2008 study on the effectiveness
of physical punishment on children in the U.S. found no long term effects on
behavior change; essentially, when the threat of punishment was gone, the
negative behavior returned.
Additionally,
there is extensive research that physical punishment puts children at
substantial risks for future defiant and aggressive behavior, increased mental
health concerns, as well as greater risk of serious injury and abuse. Recent
brain science research has shown that harsh physical punishment may actually have
detrimental effects on the development of a child's brain.
The
negative effect of punishment, physical or otherwise, extends to our schools as
well. Many schools adopt “zero tolerance” policies, but in order for those to
work, educators must discipline students in harsher ways, often with little
effect. The US Department of Education reported in 2011 that there
were more than 3 million suspensions per year and over 100,000 expulsions. What’s
more, consistent use of punishment in schools causes children to become fearful
and avoidant of school and teachers, and interferes with positive, pro-social
relationships. Brain science is showing us that
warmth and nurture are essential to brain development. Academic success—one of the
best indicators of adult success—is best achieved in a school climate that is
warm, welcoming, and promotes positive behavior and positive interactions with
adults and peers. In order to reduce the use of physical punishment, we
must have other options.
Children learn to behave when their parents notice and
respond to their behavior appropriately. When a child misbehaves, it is essential
that parents remain calm (provide appropriate time
outs if necessary) and communicate the appropriate way to get it right next time. Techniques such as
teaching behaviors that you want to see (keeping your hands to yourself and why);
Reinforcing specific behaviors (keeping your hands to yourself); Modeling
appropriate behavior (parents keep their hands to themselves); and reinforcing
a low preferred behavior (doing homework) with a high preferred behavior (playing
a game) are effective ways to encourage appropriate behavior.
The risks to physical punishment are huge and well outweigh
the short term reduction of a negative behavior. It's time to change the
culture of discipline in our country, and to show parents that there is a
better way. Rather than debate its effectiveness (the research is clear on
that), let’s educate on its tremendous risks, and on more positive approaches
to discipline. It is not too late to change our educational and parental
discipline practices. Our kids deserve better.
Your blog! What should I say in its praise… relevant, lastly something which surely helped me? Thanks Dr Robi Ludwig
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